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2021-10-15

Why are two capacitors—0.1uF and 0.01uF—always placed in circuits?

The concepts of bypass capacitor and decoupling capacitor are common in circuit design, yet they can be tricky to grasp. To fully understand these terms, it’s helpful to return to their original English contexts. In English, “bypass” literally means taking a shortcut; in the context of circuits, it carries the same meaning—allowing a signal to bypass certain components or sections of the circuit. Meanwhile, “couple” in English refers to a pair or a matching set; by extension, it also conveys the idea of pairing or coupling. If a signal from System A induces a signal in System B, we say that Systems A and B are coupled—a phenomenon illustrated in the figure below.

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2021-10-15

What is the difference between electronic and electromagnetic residual current devices?

① Electromagnetic trip-type residual current devices use an electromagnetic trip mechanism as an intermediate component. When a leakage current occurs, the mechanism trips and disconnects the power supply. The drawbacks of this type of protector are: high cost and complex manufacturing processes. Its advantages include: strong immunity to interference and excellent resistance to shocks (such as overcurrent and overvoltage surges) provided by its electromagnetic components; no need for an auxiliary power supply; and unchanged leakage characteristics even under zero-voltage conditions or after phase failure.

2021-10-15

How to Distinguish Between Ordinary Resistors and Fuse Resistors? A Brief Discussion on the Inspection and Repair of Fuse Resistors

A fuse resistor functions like a regular resistor under normal conditions. However, once a circuit fault occurs and the resistor’s rated power is exceeded, it will automatically disconnect the circuit within a specified time, thereby protecting other components from damage. Fuse resistors come in two types: non-repairable and repairable. In circuit diagrams, they serve a dual role as both a fuse and a resistor, and are primarily used in the output circuits of power supplies and secondary power sources. These resistors typically have low resistance values (ranging from a few ohms to tens of ohms) and low power ratings (from 1/8 W to 1 W). Their primary function is to promptly melt and break the circuit when an overcurrent occurs, thus safeguarding other components in the circuit from damage. For example, if a short circuit occurs in the circuit load...

2020-07-30

Basic Knowledge of Infrared Pyroelectric Sensors and Common Issues in Their Use

A pyroelectric infrared sensor is a type of sensor that detects infrared radiation emitted by humans or animals and converts it into an electrical signal. As early as 1938, some researchers proposed using the pyroelectric effect to detect infrared radiation, but this idea did not receive much attention at the time. It wasn't until the 1960s, with the rapid advancement of laser and infrared technologies, that research on the pyroelectric effect and the application of pyroelectric crystals were once again spurred forward. Today, pyroelectric crystals are widely used in infrared spectrometers, infrared remote sensing systems, and thermal radiation detectors, making them an ideal detector for infrared lasers. Their applications are now expanding rapidly into various automated control devices. Beyond their well-known uses in stairwell automatic switches and burglar alarms, these sensors hold great promise for even more diverse fields. For example, air conditioners and water dispensers that automatically shut down when no one is present in the room; televisions equipped with mechanisms that can detect when no one is watching or when viewers have fallen asleep and then automatically turn off; applications in monitor screens or automatic doorbells; and integration with cameras or digital photo cameras to automatically record the movements of animals or people—just to name a few. Based on your own creative ideas, you can combine these sensors with other circuits to develop even more advanced and innovative products or automated control systems.

2020-07-30

What are some common types of infrared sensors? In what main aspects do different infrared sensors differ from one another?

Principle: Any object with a temperature above absolute zero (-273 degrees Celsius) emits electromagnetic radiation. The radiation emitted by the human body falls within the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Passive Infrared (PIR) motion detectors exploit this principle. They are equipped with highly sensitive infrared sensors that respond to even subtle changes in heat sources by altering their voltage output. The sensor’s detection area is divided into discrete zones by a split mirror; if a heat source is detected moving across any of these zones, it triggers a change in voltage, thereby activating or deactivating lighting or other electrical loads.

2020-07-30

What are the characteristics of switch-mode power supplies?

With the advancement of electronic technology, the application fields of electronic systems are becoming increasingly broad, and the variety of electronic devices is growing rapidly. Consequently, the requirements for power supplies are becoming more flexible and diverse. The miniaturization and cost reduction of electronic devices have driven power supplies toward development directions characterized by light weight, thinness, compact size, and higher efficiency. Traditional transistor-series-regulated power supplies are continuous-control linear regulators, and this conventional voltage-regulation technology is relatively mature. Moreover, numerous integrated linear regulator modules are already available, offering excellent stability, low output ripple voltage, and reliable performance. However, these traditional regulators typically require bulky and heavy power-frequency transformers for isolation purposes, as well as sizable filters.

2020-07-30

How to improve the overall performance of sensors

There are many technical specifications that determine sensor performance. Requiring a sensor to meet all these specifications not only poses difficulties in design and manufacturing but is also often unnecessary in practice. Therefore, based on actual needs and feasibility, we should relax the requirements for secondary specifications while ensuring that the primary specifications are met, thereby achieving a high performance-to-price ratio. In the design and manufacture of sensors, rationally selecting their structure, materials, and parameters is a prerequisite for guaranteeing a favorable performance-to-price ratio.

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